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Overpronation
The medial arch drops under load and the calcaneus rolls inward.
What this describes
Pronation is a normal part of walking; the deviation is in how much and for how long. Four readings measure it from four angles: the height the navicular drops from sitting to standing, the angle the calcaneus makes with the lower leg, the wet-footprint ratio at the midfoot, and how the calcaneus behaves at the top of a single-leg heel raise. A flat footprint on its own is not a finding; a navicular that keeps dropping after the first ten seconds of standing is.
Three-grade thresholds
| Grade | Threshold |
|---|---|
| Within range | Navicular drops 0–8 mm from sit to stand; calcaneus within 4° of vertical; midfoot footprint ratio under 1:2. |
| Borderline | Navicular drop 9–15 mm, calcaneus 5–9° from vertical, or a footprint ratio between 1:2 and 1:1. |
| Deviated | Navicular drop over 15 mm, calcaneus more than 9° from vertical, footprint ratio over 1:1, or the arch keeps lowering after ten seconds of standing. |
Self-screens for Overpronation on this site
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Calcaneal Stance Angle
A photograph of the heels from directly behind. The angle between the Achilles line and the heel line is the clearest single number for how far the foot rolls in under weight.
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Navicular Drop Test
The height of the navicular bone sitting versus standing. It is the simplest measurement of how much the arch gives way under the body's own weight, and it takes four minutes.